Understanding Chinese National Standards: A Guide to Precious Metal Purity & Gemstone Nomenclature

Understanding Chinese National Standards: A Guide to Precious Metal Purity & Gemstone Nomenclature

中國國家標準解讀:貴金屬純度與珠寶玉石命名權威指南

Demystifying China’s Jewelry Standards: Purity, Hallmarks, and Naming Rules

For collectors and enthusiasts of fine Chinese jewelry and东方艺术品 (dōngfāng yìshùpǐn), understanding the official standards that govern quality and authenticity is crucial. The People’s Republic of China has established comprehensive national standards, primarily GB/T 11887 (for precious metal purity and naming) and GB/T 16552 (for gemstone nomenclature). These are not just technical documents; they are your blueprint for verifying quality, making informed purchases, and truly appreciating the craftsmanship behind each piece. This guide breaks down these key standards into clear, actionable knowledge.

解讀中國珠寶標準:純度、印記與命名規則

對於中國精美珠寶和東方藝術品的收藏家與愛好者而言,理解規範品質與真偽的官方標準至關重要。中華人民共和國制定了全面的國家標準,主要包括 GB/T 11887(用於貴金屬純度與命名)和 GB/T 16552(用於珠寶玉石命名)。這些不僅僅是技術文件;它們是您驗證品質、做出知情購買以及真正欣賞每件作品背後工藝的藍圖。本指南將這些關鍵標準分解為清晰、實用的知識。


Part 1: Precious Metal Purity & Hallmarking (GB/T 11887)

This mandatory standard defines the “rules of the game” for precious metals used in jewelry in China, ensuring transparency and consumer protection.

Key Evolution: The standard has been revised over time to align with international norms (like ISO 9202) and stricter health regulations (like EU nickel release limits). For example, an old rule requiring a minimum total of 950‰ for platinum-palladium alloys was removed, and nickel restrictions were strengthened with a two-year transition period for compliance.

第一部分:貴金屬純度與印記規定 (GB/T 11887)

這項強制性標準為中國珠寶所用貴金屬定義了「遊戲規則」,確保透明度和消費者保護。

關鍵演進: 該標準歷經修訂,以與國際規範(如ISO 9202)和更嚴格的健康法規(如歐盟鎳釋放限量)接軌。例如,舊版中要求鉑-鈀合金總含量不得低於950‰的規定已被取消,並且對鎳的限制得到加強,設定了兩年的過渡期以供合規。

1. Core Concept: Purity (Fineness)

  • Definition: The minimum content of the precious metal element, expressed in parts per thousand (‰).
  • Golden Rule: Purity is stated as a minimum value. No negative tolerance is allowed. If a piece is marked “Au750” (18K gold), it means the gold content is at least 750‰ (75%).

2. Permitted Purity Ranges:
The standard defines strict ranges for common jewelry metals:

  • Gold (金): 375‰ (9K), 585‰ (14K), 750‰ (18K), 916‰ (22K), 990‰ (足金,足金), 999‰ (千足金). Note: “Pure” gold is technically 999‰.
  • Platinum (铂/白金): 850‰, 900‰, 950‰, 990‰ (足铂).
  • Silver (银): 800‰, 925‰ (sterling silver), 990‰, 999‰.
  • Palladium (钯): 500‰, 950‰, 990‰.

重要提醒: 首飾配件(如鏈扣)的含金量可略低,但不得低於750‰。

1. 核心概念:純度

  • 定義: 貴金屬元素的最低含量,以千分數(‰)表示。
  • 黃金法則: 純度標註為 最低值。不允許有負公差。如果一件作品標記為「Au750」(18K金),則表示其含金量 至少 為750‰(75%)。

2. 允許的純度範圍:
該標準為常見珠寶金屬定義了嚴格的範圍:

  • 金: 375‰ (9K), 585‰ (14K), 750‰ (18K), 916‰ (22K), 990‰ (足金), 999‰ (千足金)。註:「純」金理論上為999‰。
  • 铂(白金): 850‰, 900‰, 950‰, 990‰ (足铂)。
  • 银: 800‰, 925‰, 990‰, 999‰。
  • 钯: 500‰, 950‰, 990‰。

重要提示: 足金首飾因使用需要,其配件含金量不得低於750‰。

3. Critical Health & Safety Regulations:
The standard explicitly bans harmful elements. The rules for nickel are particularly stringent due to its potential to cause allergic reactions:

  • Piercing Items: For items like earrings for pierced ears, the nickel content must be < 0.5‰.
  • Long-term Skin Contact Items (e.g., rings, necklaces, watch cases): The nickel release rate must be < 0.5 micrograms per square centimeter per week.
  • Plated Items: Any plating on such items must maintain this low nickel release rate for two years of normal use.

3. 關鍵的健康與安全法規:
該標準明確禁止有害元素。針對 的規定尤其嚴格,因其可能導致過敏反應:

  • 穿刺類物品: 對於穿耳耳環等物品,鎳含量必須 < 0.5‰
  • 長期接觸皮膚的物品(如戒指、項鍊、錶殼):鎳釋放率 必須 < 0.5 微克/平方厘米/星期
  • 電鍍物品: 此類物品上的任何鍍層必須在 兩年正常使用 期內維持此低鎳釋放率。

4. The Hallmark (印记): Your Key to Transparency
A hallmark is a tiny but legally required inscription on the jewelry piece itself.

  • Required Content: It must include the manufacturer’s code, purity, material, and for diamond pieces over 0.10 carats, the main diamond’s weight.
    • Example: 京A18K金 0.45ct(D) indicates: Beijing manufacturer code “京A”, 18K gold, set with a 0.45-carat diamond.
  • How Purity is Marked:
    • Gold: “金750”, “Au750”, or “G18K”.
    • Platinum: “Pt900”, “Pt990”, or “足铂”.
    • Silver: “银925”, “Ag925”, or “S925”.
  • If a piece is too small for a hallmark, this information must be on an attached tag.

4. 印記:透明度的關鍵
印記是珠寶本身上一個微小但法律要求的刻印。

  • 必須包含的內容: 必須包括 廠家代號、純度、材料,以及對於主鑽超過0.10克拉的鑲鑽首飾,主鑽石的質量
    • 例如: 京A18K金 0.45ct(D) 表示:北京廠家代號「京A」,18K金,鑲嵌0.45克拉鑽石。
  • 純度標註方法:
    • 金: 「金750」、「Au750」或「G18K」。
    • 铂(白金): 「Pt900」、「Pt990」或「足铂」。
    • 银: 「银925」、「Ag925」或「S925」。
  • 如果物件過小無法打印記,則此信息必須標示在附帶的標籤上。

5. Naming Rules for Jewelry:
A piece’s official name must be structured logically:
[Purity] + [Material] + [Gemstone Name] + [Jewelry Type]

  • Example: 18K金红宝石戒指 (18K Gold Ruby Ring).

5. 首飾命名規則:
一件首飾的官方名稱必須按邏輯結構構成:
[純度] + [材料] + [寶石名稱] + [品種]

  • 例如: 18K金紅寶石戒指

Part 2: Gemstone Nomenclature (GB/T 16552)

This standard provides the precise language for naming all gems, preventing misleading commercial terms and ensuring accurate description.

Core Philosophy: Names should be clear, descriptive, and based on scientific identity (mineral/rock type) or recognized traditional names, not on marketing hype or产地 (chǎndì) (place of origin).

第二部分:珠寶玉石命名 (GB/T 16552)

該標準為命名所有寶石提供了精確的語言,防止誤導性商業術語並確保準確描述。

核心理念: 名稱應清晰、具描述性,並基於科學身份(礦物/岩石類型)或公認的傳統名稱,而非市場炒作或產地。

(Continued from previous message)

1. The Big Categories:

  • Natural Gemstones (天然宝石): Natural mineral crystals (e.g., Ruby, Sapphire, Diamond). The word “天然” (natural) is not used in the name; “Ruby” is sufficient.
  • Natural Jades (天然玉石): Natural aggregates of minerals (e.g., Jadeite 翡翠, Nephrite 和田玉, Dushan Jade 独山玉). The word “天然” is also omitted.
  • Natural Organic Materials (天然有机宝石): Formed by living organisms (e.g., Pearl, Amber, Coral). “天然” is omitted except for natural pearls.
  • Artificial Products (人工宝石): Man-made materials. This category has crucial sub-divisions:

1. 主要類別:

  • 天然寶石: 天然的礦物晶體(如紅寶石、藍寶石、鑽石)。名稱中 不使用「天然」二字;「紅寶石」即可。
  • 天然玉石: 天然的礦物集合體(如翡翠、和田玉、獨山玉)。名稱中也省略「天然」。
  • 天然有機寶石: 由生物形成(如珍珠、琥珀、珊瑚)。除天然珍珠外,名稱中省略「天然」。
  • 人工寶石: 人造材料。此類別有重要的細分:

2. Crucial Distinctions Within “Man-Made”:

  • Synthetic Stones (合成宝石): Have a natural counterpart with identical chemical/physical properties (e.g., Synthetic Ruby, Synthetic Sapphire). Must be prefixed with “合成” (synthetic).
  • Artificial Stones (人造宝石): Have no natural counterpart (e.g., Yttrium Aluminium Garnet – YAG, Glass, Plastic). Must be prefixed with “人造” (artificial), except for “玻璃” and “塑料”.
  • Composite/Assembled Stones (拼合宝石): Made by fusing two or more parts (e.g., a garnet top with a glass bottom). Names must include “拼合石” (composite stone).
  • Reconstructed Stones (再造宝石): Made by fusing fragments of a natural material (e.g., Reconstituted Amber). Must be prefixed with “再造” (reconstructed).

2. 「人造」類別中的關鍵區別:

  • 合成寶石: 具有化學/物理性質完全相同的天然對應物(如合成紅寶石、合成藍寶石)。必須冠以「合成」前綴。
  • 人造寶石: 沒有 天然對應物(如人造釔鋁榴石、玻璃、塑料)。必須冠以「人造」前綴,但「玻璃」和「塑料」除外。
  • 拼合寶石: 由兩部分或更多部分熔接而成(例如石榴石頂部與玻璃底部)。名稱必須包含「拼合石」。
  • 再造寶石: 由天然材料的碎片熔接壓結而成(如再造琥珀)。必須冠以「再造」前綴。

3. Imitation Stones (仿宝石):
This term describes a material used to imitate another gemstone. It is never a standalone name. The correct format is “仿[被模仿的寶石名稱]” (imitation [gem name]), e.g., “仿祖母綠” (imitation emerald). It clearly states: 1) This is not the real gem, and 2) The actual material could be various things (glass, cubic zirconia, etc.).

3. 仿寶石:
此術語描述一種 用於模仿 另一種寶石的材料。它 絕不是一個獨立的名稱。正確格式是「仿[被模仿的寶石名稱]」,例如「仿祖母綠」。它明確指出:1) 這不是真正的寶石,2) 實際材料可能是多種多樣的(玻璃、合成立方氧化鋯等)。

4. Special Optical Effects:

  • Chatoyancy (Cat’s Eye): Named as “[Gem]猫眼”, e.g., “石英猫眼”. Only “金绿宝石猫眼” can be called simply “猫眼”.
  • Asterism (Star Effect): Named as “星光[Gem]”, e.g., “星光蓝宝石”.
  • Color Change: Named as “变色[Gem]”, e.g., “变色蓝宝石”.
  • For synthetic gems with these effects, add “合成” before the effect, e.g., “合成星光蓝宝石”.

4. 特殊光學效應:

  • 貓眼效應: 命名為「[寶石]猫眼」,例如「石英猫眼」。只有「金綠寶石猫眼」可簡稱為「猫眼」。
  • 星光效應: 命名為「星光[寶石]」,例如「星光藍寶石」。
  • 變色效應: 命名為「變色[寶石]」,例如「變色藍寶石」。
  • 對於具有這些效應的合成寶石,在效應前添加「合成」,例如「合成星光藍寶石」。

5. Treatment & Enhancement (优化处理):
This is a vital area for disclosure.

  • Enhancement (优化): Traditional, widely accepted methods (e.g., heat treatment of sapphire, waxing of jadeite). The gem can be sold under its normal name without disclosure.
  • Treatment (处理): Non-traditional methods (e.g., fracture filling of emerald, dyeing of jadeite, diffusion treatment of sapphire). The name must indicate this, either by adding “(处理)” after the name or stating the method, e.g., “翡翠(处理)” or “翡翠(漂白、充填)”.

5. 優化處理:
這是需要披露的重要領域。

  • 優化: 傳統的、被廣泛接受的方法(如藍寶石的熱處理、翡翠的浸蠟)。寶石可以以其正常名稱銷售,無需披露。
  • 處理: 非傳統方法(如祖母綠的裂隙充填、翡翠的染色、藍寶石的擴散處理)。名稱必須對此進行標示,可以在名稱後添加「(處理)」或說明具體方法,例如「翡翠(處理)」或「翡翠(漂白、充填)」。

Why This Matters for Collectors

Understanding these standards empowers you as a buyer on platforms like Virtucasa:

  1. Decode Hallmarks: You can instantly verify the claimed metal purity and manufacturer.
  2. Ask Informed Questions: You can inquire about gemstone treatments or ask for鉴定证书 (jiàndìng zhèngshū) (identification certificates) that follow these naming rules.
  3. Avoid Misleading Terms: You won’t be confused by names like “African Jade” (a misnomer) or “Austrian Diamond” (simulated diamond).
  4. Assess Value Accurately: Knowing that a “Synthetic Ruby” is lab-created, or that a piece is “翡翠(处理)” (treated jadeite), directly impacts its value and collectibility.

These national standards provide a common, reliable language for the Chinese jewelry industry. By learning this language, you move beyond being just a buyer and become a knowledgeable connoisseur of东方收藏品.

為何這對收藏家至關重要

了解這些標準能賦予您在Virtucasa等平台上作為買家的能力:

  1. 解讀印記: 您可以立即驗證宣稱的金屬純度和製造商。
  2. 提出有根據的問題: 您可以詢問寶石處理情況,或要求提供遵循這些命名規則的鑑定證書。
  3. 避免誤導性術語: 您不會被「非洲玉」(誤稱)或「奧地利鑽」(仿鑽)等名稱所迷惑。
  4. 準確評估價值: 知曉「合成紅寶石」是實驗室製造的,或一件物品是「翡翠(處理)」,直接影響其價值和收藏性。

這些國家標準為中國珠寶業提供了通用、可靠的語言。通過學習這門語言,您將超越單純的購買者,成為東方收藏品的知識淵博的鑑賞家。

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