Jet : The Ancient Black Gem – A Comprehensive Guide
How to identify real Whitby jet vs. plastic fakes?
Introduction
Jet, known as “煤玉” (Méi Yù) or “煤精” (Méi Jīng) in Chinese, is a rare organic gemstone formed from fossilized wood under extreme pressure. With a history dating back to Neolithic China (e.g., 7,200-year-old ear ornaments from Shenyang’s Xinle site), jet was revered as a “black jewel” and later flourished in Han Dynasty carvings (e.g., ram-shaped pendants). Its Victorian-era popularity earned it the nickname “black amber.”
Physical & Chemical Properties
- Composition:
- Carbon (75–90%), with hydrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.
- A type of lignite (organic sedimentary rock).
- Hardness: 2.5–4 on Mohs scale (softer than most gems).
- Density: 1.30–1.35 g/cm³ (lighter than onyx).
- Luster: Waxy to resinous; opaque.
- Unique Trait: Electrostatic when rubbed (like amber).
Archaeological Note:
Zhou Dynasty (1046–256 BCE) tombs in Shaanxi yielded jet rings, proving its elite status.
Color & Authenticity
- Hue: Deep black or brownish-black.
- Tests:
- Heat Test: Releases coal-like odor (unlike plastic imitations).
- UV Light: May show faint brown fluorescence.
Historical & Cultural Significance
- Ancient China:
- Symbolized protection; carved into bixi (避邪) amulets.
- Victorian England:
- Mourning jewelry for Queen Victoria (1861).
- Shared Belief:
- Thought to ward off evil and absorb negative energy.
Global Sources
- Premium Jet:
- England (Whitby): 180 million-year-old deposits.
- China (Fushun): Ancient mining center.
- Modern Supply:
- Limited due to depleted mines; most “jet” today is dyed shale or plastic.
Craftsmanship & Uses
- Traditional Carvings:
- Animals: Rams, cicadas (Han Dynasty).
- Beads: Polished into funeral necklaces.
- Modern Jewelry:
- Cabochons: Often backed with foil to enhance shine.
- Warning: Avoid water/chemicals to prevent cracking.
Why Jet?
- Historical Weight: A tangible link to Neolithic artisans.
- Eco-Allure: Fossil-based, unlike synthetic alternatives.
How to identify real Whitby jet vs. plastic fakes? Explore jet’s legacy at VirtuCasa.com.
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