Studying Ancient Jade: Representative Patina and Tool Mark Examples

Studying Ancient Jade: Representative Patina and Tool Mark Examples
古玉學習：具代表性的皮殼與工痕高清圖解析

Introduction: The Art of Observation

導言：觀察的藝術

Mastering ancient jade identification requires prolonged exposure to museum-quality pieces. Carefully observe surface patina, luster, tool marks, coloration, and jade material characteristics to develop visual memory.
學習古玉，還是要長期看館藏品的代表，去細細體會皮殼、光氣、工痕、沁色和玉種的表現質態，形成記憶。

1. Mid-Western Han Dynasty: Jade Buffalo

一、西漢中期：圓雕玉牛

Period: Mid-Western Han Dynasty (206 BCE – 9 CE)
年代：西漢中期（公元前206年–公元9年）
Provenance: Excavated from Han site, Jiaqu Village, Shaanxi
出土：陝西蒲城縣賈曲公社賈曲村漢遺址出土
Features: Round carving demonstrates advanced sculpting techniques; smooth patina indicates long-term burial.
特徵：圓雕技法展現高超工藝；溫潤皮殼顯示長期埋藏特徵。

This piece exemplifies the robust, naturalistic style of Han dynasty animal carvings.
此件代表漢代動物雕刻渾厚寫實的典型風格。

2. Liangzhu Culture: Crown-Shaped Comb Ornament

二、良渚文化：冠狀玉梳背

Period: Liangzhu Culture (c. 3400–2250 BCE)
年代：良渚文化（約公元前3400–2250年）
Collection: Zhejiang Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology
收藏：浙江省文物考古研究所藏
Features: Distinctive Liangzhu motifs; typical weathering patterns of ancient nephrite.
特徵：典型良渚紋飾；展現古玉風化特徵。

Note the precise linear engravings characteristic of Liangzhu craftsmanship.
注意良渚工藝特有的精確線性雕刻。

3. Western Han Dynasty: Sword Scabbard Chape

三、西漢：玉劍珌

Dimensions: Height 6.6 cm, Width 4.4 cm, Thickness 1 cm
尺寸：高6.6厘米、寬4.4厘米、厚1厘米
Provenance: Excavated from Xishan Tomb, Mangshan Town, Henan (1986)
出土：1986年河南省永城縣芒山鎮僖山漢墓出土
Collection: Shangqiu Museum, Henan
收藏：河南省商丘博物館藏
Features: Classic Han decorative patterns; well-preserved burial patina.
特徵：典型漢代裝飾紋樣；保存完好的埋藏皮殼。

This type of jade fitting adorned the ends of ceremonial sword scabbards.
此類玉飾用於禮儀劍具鞘尾裝飾。

4. Spring and Autumn Period: Tiger-shaped Pendant

四、春秋：青玉虎形佩

Dimensions: Length 12.7 cm, Width 6.2 cm, Thickness 0.3 cm
尺寸：長12.7厘米、寬6.2厘米、厚0.3厘米
Provenance: Huang Junmeng Couple’s Tomb, Guangshan County, Henan
出土：河南省光山縣寶相寺黃君孟夫婦墓出土
Collection: Henan Museum
收藏：河南博物院藏
Features: Thin profile with intricate carving; natural mineral coloration.
特徵：器形薄透，雕刻精細；天然礦物沁色。

Early examples show simpler forms compared to later Warring States pieces.
與戰國時期相比，早期造型更為簡練。

5. Western Zhou: Dragon-pattern Pendant

五、西周：龍紋玉佩

Provenance: Excavated from Guo State Cemetery M2009 (1990)
出土：1990年虢國墓地M2009虢仲墓出土
Collection: Guo State Museum, Sanmenxia, Henan
收藏：河南省三門峽虢國博物館藏
Features: Curved dragon motif; typical Western Zhou composite designs.
特徵：捲曲龍紋；典型西周組合式設計。

Western Zhou jades often feature abstract, rhythmic patterns.
西周玉器常見抽象而富有韻律感的紋樣。

6. Western Zhou: Dragon-phoenix Pattern Huang Pendant

六、西周：龍鳳紋玉璜

Collection: Henan Museum
收藏：河南博物院藏
Features: Harmonious dragon-phoenix combination; balanced symmetry.
特徵：龍鳳和諧組合；對稱平衡的構圖。

The huang pendant was a semicircular ritual ornament worn in sets.
玉璜為半圓形禮儀配飾，常成組佩戴。

Study Guidelines

學習要點

Compare Authentic Examples
Build visual memory through repeated observation.
對比真品：通過反覆觀察建立視覺記憶。
Focus on Details
Tool marks should show natural wear; patina should be consistent.
關注細節：工痕應顯示自然磨損；皮殼需整體一致。
Understand Historical Context
Different periods have distinct stylistic characteristics.
理解歷史背景：不同時期具有獨特風格特徵。

Studying Ancient Jade: Representative Patina and Tool Mark Examples